What is Going On? An Explanation for the Non-Financial Person
I’ve seen plenty of questions floating around on Yahoo! Answers and elsewhere from average investors or other individuals asking for clarification of why the recent meltdown is occurring. Questions range from: “Why are the world markets going down?” to “Why is this happening?” I’ll do my best to provide a relatively non-technical/financial explanation of what’s going on, both domestically in the US and abroad to bring individuals up to speed.
Basically, banks became greedy a few years ago and started selling blocks of mortgages together as assets which others could invest in. (So if you owned a mortgage, it might be sold as an investment to a number of different people/institutions). The problem was twofold in this regard. First, these packages that were being sold were extremely complex so most people buying them couldn’t see what they actually were. A single mortgage could be sliced into many different portions, repackaged, and then have that package sold again and repackaged, etc. The common analogy is that the “bad debt” was like rotten meat thrown into a grinder, so that the banks only knew if they had it after they were already sick.
Secondly, the banks were greedy in that they were giving out mortgages to people who shouldn’t have normally been able to afford them. So, the “sub-prime” was basically giving away teaser rates to individuals who wouldn’t be able to afford the “normal” mortgage payments. For instance, if an individual had $2,000 they could allocate to their mortgage, a bank would issue a mortgage to them at a teaser $1,800 payment, knowing that the real payment would be around $2,500 after a few months. So in essence, the banks knew that the individual would not be able to afford it, but they would get a few months worth of payments, then reposes the house, and sell it again to make a profit. That practice was supported because all the housing prices were so high (so the banks never really lost money).
However, when the housing prices fell, all of a sudden the banks couldn’t resell the houses for what they paid for. There was literally trillions of dollars of “bad debt” in these packages - holdings which were worth nothing that the banks had to write off. Because the packages were so complex though, it was hard to tell which banks were holding which bad assets (think of a horrific game of bank Russian roulette – no pun intended with the status of the Russian markets). So, as they discover them, and have to write off hundreds of millions (or billions) at a time, the banks are being forced to go out of business – hence all the collapses recently. This creates an environment where no one trusts each other. The banks typically loan a significant amount of money to each other in their normal day to day operations, but now that they feel each other might go out of business overnight (which is very possible), they aren’t loaning anymore out of fear, which locks the credit lines up. That in turn makes it harder for average individuals to get loans for mortgages, cars, etc. Of course, this creates a panic and the rapid swings/sell off which we have been seeing in the last 7 days.
As for a macro-world view. Not only was the “bad debt” packaged and sold here in the US, much of it was sold abroad. So, you might have Taiwanese, German, or Brazilian banks/companies which are having the same problems. This, plus a generic fear of the markets, and the fact that many markets are pegged fairly largely to the US economy, has created the global financial meltdown we have seen. The entire country of Iceland has had to shut down their banking system and suspend trading on their stock exchange. The Russian stock market lost 19% of its value two days ago, most major markets are having extremely severe declines as well. One great place to see how the world economies are doing is a startup called Emerginvest. It has intuitive heat-maps of the world so even if you’re not familiar with markets, you can see how specific regions, sectors, or the world as a whole is responding.
Many people have been questing whether or not the US was to blame for the current economic meltdown. One opinion is: absolutely not. The subprime practice became a world-wide trend with many banks selling mortgage securities to one another for profit. The other is: yes is definitely is – The US started the practice and sold the vast majority of securities to foreign investors.
That being said, I personally think the US is to blame on account that it was the US who first started the practice because of the extremely high domestic housing prices which supported it. I recognize that the trend caught on, but the US did initiate it. I certainly feel that many international individuals will see the US as having caused the crisis, and especially as the US sold the bad debt abroad. Is the US entirely to blame? Absolutely not. Do I personally feel like the US was much more largely responsible than any other party? Yes.
I hope this goes a long way to clearing up any gaps of understanding
Best,
Jonathan
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Filed under: Discussion, Jonathan (Marketing), World Market Analysis
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